{"id":57619,"date":"2022-05-03T19:06:34","date_gmt":"2022-05-03T19:06:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/how-fish-and-shrimp-immunology-is-impacted-by-quality-feed\/"},"modified":"2023-07-19T13:10:52","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T18:10:52","slug":"how-fish-and-shrimp-immunology-is-impacted-by-quality-feed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/pt\/resource-center\/blog\/how-fish-and-shrimp-immunology-is-impacted-by-quality-feed\/","title":{"rendered":"Como a imunologia de peixes e camar\u00f5es \u00e9 afetada pela qualidade da ra\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o com minerais-tra\u00e7o entre outros nutrientes essenciais, como amino\u00e1cidos, \u00e1cidos graxos essenciais e vitaminas, \u00e9 uma estrat\u00e9gia nutricional comprovada para fortalecer os sistemas imunol\u00f3gicos de peixes e camar\u00f5es. Nos \u00faltimos dez anos, comprometi-me a descobrir e compartilhar conhecimentos sobre a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica da nutri\u00e7\u00e3o no setor de aquicultura. Isso come\u00e7a com a educa\u00e7\u00e3o sobre o motivo pelo qual os nutrientes essenciais, inclusive os minerais residuais, desempenham um papel importante na redu\u00e7\u00e3o do estresse nos peixes, o que, por sua vez, melhora a sa\u00fade e o desempenho deles. Recentemente, tive a oportunidade de fazer uma apresenta\u00e7\u00e3o ao lado de <strong>por Benjam\u00edn Costas, especialista do setor<\/strong>que recebeu seu t\u00edtulo de PhD em Ci\u00eancia Animal pela Universidade do Porto em 2011 e atualmente atua como Pesquisador S\u00eanior e coordenador de Sa\u00fade Animal e Aquicultura (A2S) no CIIMAR. Abaixo est\u00e3o as informa\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00e1ticas que ele apresentou sobre como usar a imunologia nutricional como uma ferramenta para melhorar a sa\u00fade de peixes e camar\u00f5es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Entendendo a imunologia de peixes e camar\u00f5es&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A primeira linha de defesa para peixes e camar\u00f5es s\u00e3o suas barreiras externas, que s\u00e3o diretamente apoiadas por seu sistema imunol\u00f3gico. Como em outras esp\u00e9cies animais, a imunidade de peixes e camar\u00f5es pode ser inata (uma resposta r\u00e1pida e n\u00e3o espec\u00edfica presente no animal ao nascer) e a imunidade de peixes tamb\u00e9m pode ser adquirida (imunidade que se desenvolve quando o sistema imunol\u00f3gico responde a microrganismos estranhos). Os dois tipos de imunidade s\u00e3o mediados por diversas estruturas, c\u00e9lulas e fatores humorais que podem variar de acordo com a esp\u00e9cie.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A tabela abaixo resume os principais componentes dos sistemas imunol\u00f3gicos de peixes e camar\u00f5es, ao mesmo tempo em que destaca as principais diferen\u00e7as entre eles.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Aqua_Table_How-Fish-and-Shrimp-Immunology-is-Impacted-by-Quality-Feed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39884\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c9 importante observar que as respostas imunol\u00f3gicas diferem de acordo com a esp\u00e9cie animal e os est\u00edmulos. O status fisiol\u00f3gico e imunol\u00f3gico dos peixes pode diferir entre as esp\u00e9cies, depende da idade (animais mais jovens s\u00e3o mais suscet\u00edveis) e \u00e9 afetado pelo sistema e pelas condi\u00e7\u00f5es de cria\u00e7\u00e3o (tanques, gaiolas, densidade etc.). Portanto, as estrat\u00e9gias nutricionais para aumentar as respostas imunol\u00f3gicas do hospedeiro devem ser adaptadas \u00e0s esp\u00e9cies e \u00e0s suas condi\u00e7\u00f5es espec\u00edficas de cria\u00e7\u00e3o.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Isso pode ser feito com o desenvolvimento e a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o de feeds funcionais.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o com metionina aumenta a imunidade adquirida&nbsp;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Como exemplo de resposta nutricional funcional, a suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o de dietas aqu\u00e1ticas com metionina pode levar a melhorias no sistema imunol\u00f3gico. As respostas t\u00edpicas incluem um aumento na resposta dos leuc\u00f3citos perif\u00e9ricos, na atividade do complemento e na capacidade bactericida, e um aumento nas respostas inflamat\u00f3rias, incluindo respostas celulares e humorais que afetam o foco inflamat\u00f3rio do recrutamento celular (Machado M., 2015; Azeredo R., 2017).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Abaixo est\u00e3o os resultados de mortalidade do robalo europeu ap\u00f3s receber uma inje\u00e7\u00e3o de bact\u00e9rias patog\u00eanicas na cavidade peritoneal (<em>Photobacterium damselae piscicida<\/em>) ao serem alimentados com um dos tr\u00eas tratamentos diet\u00e9ticos.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/cumulative-mortality.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-47039\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ra\u00e7\u00e3o de qualidade para peixes inclui algas na formula\u00e7\u00e3o da dieta<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As algas cont\u00eam v\u00e1rios compostos bioativos, como \u00e1cidos graxos altamente insaturados (HUFA), polissacar\u00eddeos da parede celular e pigmentos\/polifen\u00f3is, que podem melhorar a resposta imunol\u00f3gica.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os peixes que receberam dietas suplementadas com tr\u00eas esp\u00e9cies de microalgas (<em>Tetraselmis striata, Phaeodactylum sp<\/em>. e <em>Nannochloropsis sp.<\/em>) e duas algas marinhas (<em>Gracilaria gracilis<\/em> e <em>Ulva rigida<\/em>) demonstraram um aumento na resposta dos leuc\u00f3citos (neutr\u00f3filos) quando desafiados com a bact\u00e9ria <em>Photobacterium damselae piscicida<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/image-7.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-39888\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ap\u00f3s uma semana de suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o com algas, os peixes alimentados com <em>Ulva rigida <\/em>apresentaram maior resposta de neutr\u00f3filos, indicando que as algas melhoram a resposta imunol\u00f3gica dos peixes e podem torn\u00e1-los mais resistentes a agentes patog\u00eanicos.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Imunoestimulantes vs. Imunomoduladores na aquicultura<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Vamos nos concentrar nas estrat\u00e9gias de curto e longo prazo e na diferen\u00e7a entre imunoestimulantes e imunomoduladores.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Os imunoestimulantes s\u00e3o compostos que ativam a resposta imune inata e, portanto, devem sempre ser administrados em curtos per\u00edodos de tempo. A imunoestimula\u00e7\u00e3o cr\u00f4nica (a longo prazo) geralmente resulta em efeitos negativos para a sa\u00fade, com um aumento subsequente na demanda de nutrientes a um custo para a fun\u00e7\u00e3o produtiva normal, como o crescimento.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Por outro lado, os imunomoduladores geralmente induzem mudan\u00e7as importantes na resposta imunol\u00f3gica somente quando o hospedeiro \u00e9 estimulado. Por exemplo, um determinado aditivo pode n\u00e3o alterar os par\u00e2metros imunol\u00f3gicos ap\u00f3s v\u00e1rias semanas de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o, mas a resposta imunol\u00f3gica \u00e9 refor\u00e7ada ap\u00f3s uma infec\u00e7\u00e3o e, com frequ\u00eancia, resulta em maior sobreviv\u00eancia. Portanto, a suplementa\u00e7\u00e3o de nutrientes com fun\u00e7\u00e3o imunomoduladora deve ser considerada como uma estrat\u00e9gia de longo prazo para apoiar a sa\u00fade.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quatro considera\u00e7\u00f5es sobre imunologia nutricional<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Disponibilidade:<\/strong> Muitos aditivos e ingredientes est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis para melhorar as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de sa\u00fade dos animais, mas sua disponibilidade para produ\u00e7\u00e3o em larga escala pode ser um fator limitante.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\"><li><strong>Esp\u00e9cie e ciclo de vida:<\/strong> a dosagem de um determinado aditivo deve ser estabelecida para uma determinada esp\u00e9cie e idade.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\"><li><strong>Estrat\u00e9gia de longo prazo vs. estrat\u00e9gia de curto prazo:<\/strong> Ambos devem ser considerados ao selecionar um imunomodulador ou um composto imunoestimulador.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"4\"><li><strong>Sustentabilidade:<\/strong> As dietas funcionais podem ser fatores-chave para melhorar a condi\u00e7\u00e3o de sa\u00fade dos animais em condi\u00e7\u00f5es desafiadoras, evitando assim surtos de doen\u00e7as, contribuindo para a sustentabilidade do setor e limitando o uso de antibi\u00f3ticos.&nbsp;<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Conecte-se com especialistas em nutri\u00e7\u00e3o de peixes e camar\u00f5es<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nossa equipe de especialistas de classe mundial tem o compromisso de melhorar a imunidade de seus peixes e camar\u00f5es, apoiando a longevidade de sua opera\u00e7\u00e3o e permitindo a produ\u00e7\u00e3o de produtos mais nutritivos para um suprimento de alimentos mais saud\u00e1vel e sustent\u00e1vel. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/pt\/lets-connect\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Entre em contato com seu representante Zinpro<\/a> para saber como nossos especialistas podem trabalhar com voc\u00ea para ajudar a melhorar sua opera\u00e7\u00e3o de aquicultura por meio de nutri\u00e7\u00e3o de alta qualidade.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Supplementation with trace minerals among other essential nutrients such as amino acids, essential fatty acids and vitamins is a proven nutritional strategy to strengthen [&#8230;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":57623,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_eb_attr":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","_ecp_custom_2":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2682],"tags":[2683,2684,2685,2714],"species":[987],"class_list":["post-57619","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-animal-performance","tag-health","tag-immunity","tag-sustainability"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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