{"id":57205,"date":"2020-06-17T23:00:22","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T23:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/how-the-immune-system-protects-animals-from-viruses\/"},"modified":"2024-09-20T12:10:54","modified_gmt":"2024-09-20T17:10:54","slug":"how-the-immune-system-protects-animals-from-viruses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/es_mx\/resource-center\/blog\/how-the-immune-system-protects-animals-from-viruses\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00f3mo protege el sistema inmunitario a los animales de los virus"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>El Dr. Chris Ashworth, DVM, ha contribuido a este reportaje.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Parte 2 de una serie de 4 partes sobre los virus en la producci\u00f3n animal.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><a href=\"\/es_mx\/what-are-viruses-and-how-do-they-impact-animal-production\/\">En la primera parte se explica qu\u00e9 son los virus y c\u00f3mo afectan a la producci\u00f3n animal.<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Un animal puede infectarse por un virus de varias formas\ninfectarse por un virus. Las formas t\u00edpicas son la ingesti\u00f3n y la\ninhalaci\u00f3n de aire. Sin embargo, los animales tambi\u00e9n pueden infectarse al entrar en\ncontacto directo con una superficie u objeto contaminado o, en raras ocasiones, a trav\u00e9s de la cr\u00eda.\nraras ocasiones, a trav\u00e9s de la cr\u00eda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Por ejemplo, un virus verrugoso puede infectar la piel\nde los animales siempre que ese animal entre en contacto directo con una superficie\nque contenga el virus de la verruga. Estas superficies pueden ser, entre otras\npostes y paredes de un establo o incluso un cepillo utilizado en animales de exposici\u00f3n.\nLa mamitis y la pseudoviruela son ejemplos de virus que pueden propagarse mediante\nlas m\u00e1quinas de orde\u00f1o, sobre todo en las novillas lecheras. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Una vez que el sistema inmunitario de un animal reconoce un\nvirus en el cuerpo, inicia una respuesta inflamatoria para eliminar el virus. Este proceso\nEste proceso puede iniciarse de inmediato o retrasarse en funci\u00f3n del tiempo que\ntarda el virus (periodo de incubaci\u00f3n) en causar la enfermedad cl\u00ednica. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Veamos c\u00f3mo funciona el sistema inmunitario\ncuando diferentes virus infectan a un animal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-immune-system-in-action\">El sistema inmunitario en acci\u00f3n<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>El sistema inmunitario est\u00e1 formado por una sofisticada\nred de c\u00e9lulas, prote\u00ednas y enzimas programadas para controlar el\nbienestar animal. Esta red de c\u00e9lulas detecta y responde a bacterias, virus\npar\u00e1sitos y p\u00f3lenes, as\u00ed como a las toxinas de picaduras de abejas y garrapatas que pueden invadir el organismo.\npueden invadir el organismo. Las c\u00e9lulas tambi\u00e9n responden a factores estresantes, lesiones o\nproblemas ambientales. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando un virus atraviesa una de las barreras\ncuerpo, como la piel, las mucosas o el revestimiento de los vasos sangu\u00edneos, el sistema\ndetecta la invasi\u00f3n. El sistema inmunitario env\u00eda entonces unas se\u00f1ales llamadas\ncitoquinas, que indican que se necesita ayuda. Esto inicia el movimiento de los gl\u00f3bulos\nhacia el lugar de la infecci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los primeros en responder son los gl\u00f3bulos blancos\ngl\u00f3bulos blancos llamados fagocitos. Estas c\u00e9lulas ayudan a proteger el organismo ingiriendo\npart\u00edculas extra\u00f1as nocivas, bacterias y c\u00e9lulas muertas o moribundas. Existen dos\nformas de fagocitos:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Los neutr\u00f3filos en los mam\u00edferos o los heter\u00f3filos en las aves son peque\u00f1os leucocitos granulares que aparecen r\u00e1pidamente en el lugar de una herida e ingieren bacterias.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Los monocitos son leucocitos de mayor tama\u00f1o que aparecen unos tres d\u00edas despu\u00e9s de la infecci\u00f3n y buscan bacterias, part\u00edculas extra\u00f1as y material celular muerto que dejan los neutr\u00f3filos o heter\u00f3filos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Los macr\u00f3fagos y los neutr\u00f3filos aparecen\ny trabajan para engullir y destruir el virus. A continuaci\u00f3n, muestran\nde los virus en su superficie para indicar a los monocitos que ayuden a continuar el\nataque a los virus invasores de forma m\u00e1s espec\u00edfica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Una vez que se produce una infecci\u00f3n viral, hay una carrera\nentre el sistema inmunol\u00f3gico y el virus. El virus se esconde en una c\u00e9lula\nantes de que esa c\u00e9lula muestre que est\u00e1 alterada y que es diferente de otras c\u00e9lulas. Ese\nes el tiempo que tiene un virus para aprovechar y tener suficiente descendencia para\ninfectar nuevas c\u00e9lulas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Para cuando el sistema inmunitario empieza a\nreconocer esos patrones e iniciar el proceso inflamatorio, el virus ya est\u00e1\nya se ha extendido a otras c\u00e9lulas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los macr\u00f3fagos y linfocitos desempe\u00f1an un papel importante\nen la identificaci\u00f3n de una infecci\u00f3n v\u00edrica en curso, as\u00ed como en ayudar al\nal organismo a defenderse de la infecci\u00f3n v\u00edrica. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adem\u00e1s, a las pocas horas de una\ninfecci\u00f3n v\u00edrica, uno de los mecanismos de defensa naturales que produce el organismo\nes el interfer\u00f3n. Se trata de una mol\u00e9cula que el cuerpo produce y que desempe\u00f1a un papel en\nmatar algunos virus, pero no todos.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-immediate-and-delayed-disease-from-viral-infections\">Enfermedad inmediata y retardada por infecciones v\u00edricas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Algunas infecciones v\u00edricas muestran signos de enfermedad cl\u00ednica de inmediato. Este tipo de enfermedades, como el rinovirus, la gripe y el coronavirus, causar\u00e1n la enfermedad en un plazo de uno a 14 d\u00edas. Otros virus, como los retrovirus, el VIH, el virus de la leucosis bovina y la enfermedad de Marek, no mostrar\u00e1n signos de enfermedad cl\u00ednica hasta semanas, meses o, en algunos casos, incluso a\u00f1os despu\u00e9s de la infecci\u00f3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Estos retrovirus se multiplican a un ritmo muy lento\nvelocidad, por lo que estos virus pueden tardar mucho tiempo en infectar c\u00e9lulas\nenfermar a un animal. En el caso de algunos retrovirus, como el de la anemia infecciosa equina, el animal puede seguir produciendo gl\u00f3bulos rojos a diario.\nanimal puede seguir produciendo gl\u00f3bulos rojos a diario.\nPor ejemplo, si un caballo pierde 10 gl\u00f3bulos rojos al d\u00eda, pero produce nueve, tardar\u00e1 mucho tiempo en enfermar.\nanemia tardar\u00e1 mucho tiempo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Otro ejemplo es el VIH en humanos. Aquellos\ninfectados por el VIH no experimentan un agotamiento completo de la m\u00e9dula \u00f3sea y las c\u00e9lulas T\ninmediatamente. Perder\u00e1n una peque\u00f1a cantidad cada d\u00eda y puede pasar mucho tiempo antes de que lleguen a un punto en el que no tengan suficientes.\nmucho tiempo antes de llegar a un punto en el que no tengan suficientes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-long-can-a-virus-remain-in-the-body\">\u00bfCu\u00e1nto tiempo puede permanecer un virus en el organismo? <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Por lo general, una infecci\u00f3n v\u00edrica permanece\nanimal durante al menos 10 d\u00edas, pero puede permanecer el resto de su vida.\nEl herpesvirus, por ejemplo, enga\u00f1a al organismo haci\u00e9ndole creer que forma parte del cuerpo y escondi\u00e9ndose del sistema inmunitario durante mucho tiempo.\ncuerpo y escondi\u00e9ndose del sistema inmunitario durante mucho tiempo.\ntiempo. Esto impide que el sistema inmunitario inicie una respuesta inflamatoria\npara matar el virus y eliminarlo del sistema. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Una vez que un mam\u00edfero se infecta con el herpesvirus,\nestar\u00e1n infectados de por vida. Sin embargo, eso no significa que siempre\nsiempre muestren signos de enfermedad cl\u00ednica. Hay personas infectadas por herpes\nherpes y s\u00f3lo tienen un herpes labial en toda su vida, mientras que todav\u00eda tienen\nel virus en alguna parte de su cuerpo.&nbsp;\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Una vez que un pat\u00f3geno se adhiere a las c\u00e9lulas, el sistema inmunitario lo identifica como \"propio\" o \"no propio\".\nlo identificar\u00e1 como \"propio\" o \"no propio\". Cuando el organismo reconoce\npat\u00f3geno como \"no propio\", inicia un proceso inflamatorio para eliminarlo.\npat\u00f3geno. En algunos casos, el cuerpo permite que el sistema inmunitario reaccione de forma exagerada\ny se vuelva contra s\u00ed mismo. No lo vemos muy a menudo en animales de granja, pero s\u00ed en perros y gatos.\nen perros y gatos. Cuando esto ocurre, se denomina enfermedad autoinmune.\nautoinmune. Algunos ejemplos son el lupus, el p\u00e9nfigo, la artritis reumatoide y muchas otras.\nreumatoide y muchas otras. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-role-of-vaccines-in-virus-management\">El papel de las vacunas en la gesti\u00f3n de los virus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Cuando se trata de vacunas, es importante\nno previenen la infecci\u00f3n, sino que reducen la gravedad de las enfermedades\nde las enfermedades resultantes. Por ejemplo, al vacunarse contra la gripe, el m\u00e9dico no le dir\u00e1 que no contraer\u00e1 la enfermedad.\nno le dir\u00e1 que no se infectar\u00e1 de gripe. Le dir\u00e1\ndeber\u00eda decirle que si contrae la gripe despu\u00e9s de recibir una vacuna con la misma\ncepa del virus de la gripe, no enfermar\u00e1 tanto o no estar\u00e1 enfermo durante tanto tiempo\ncomo si no se hubiera vacunado.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Las vacunas permiten al organismo crear anticuerpos en\nen la sangre que se adhieran al virus en las primeras horas tras la infecci\u00f3n y lo\nantes de que tenga la oportunidad de causar una enfermedad cl\u00ednica. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los medicamentos antivirales, antis\u00e9pticos y\ndesinfectantes tienen efectos similares, ya que reducen la infecciosidad y la\ncapacidad del virus para sobrevivir en el entorno, pero no evitan por completo la infecci\u00f3n.\nla infecci\u00f3n. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-impact-of-nutrition-in-protecting-against-viruses\">El impacto de la nutrici\u00f3n en la protecci\u00f3n contra los virus<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Una dieta equilibrada es fundamental para proteger\na un animal de las infecciones v\u00edricas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La nutrici\u00f3n temprana de los animales j\u00f3venes es\nimportante, ya que es un momento cr\u00edtico para el desarrollo del sistema inmunitario.\nNecesitan una nutrici\u00f3n adecuada para desarrollar suficientes c\u00e9lulas inmunitarias y\ndesarrollar plenamente los \u00f3rganos inmunitarios. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Las c\u00e9lulas que no son deficientes en vitaminas y\nminerales, tanto macro como micro, reconocen mejor las infecciones\nantes. Adem\u00e1s, las c\u00e9lulas con una cantidad adecuada de vitaminas, minerales y\nenerg\u00eda funcionan mejor y son capaces de fabricar m\u00e1s anticuerpos m\u00e1s r\u00e1pidamente. Al fabricar\nanticuerpos, los animales pueden responder mejor y controlar la infecci\u00f3n\nla infecci\u00f3n impidiendo la replicaci\u00f3n v\u00edrica. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Los oligoelementos selenio, zinc y\nmanganeso act\u00faan como antioxidantes y eliminan los radicales libres que se producen\ndurante el proceso inflamatorio y causan da\u00f1os prolongados a las c\u00e9lulas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Vuelva a consultar la tercera parte de esta serie de cuatro art\u00edculos sobre los virus en la producci\u00f3n animal. El pr\u00f3ximo art\u00edculo tratar\u00e1 de <strong><a href=\"\/es_mx\/trace-minerals-help-prevent-virus-replication-boosts-immune-response-to-viral-infections\/\">el papel de los oligoelementos esenciales en la protecci\u00f3n de los animales contra las infecciones v\u00edricas<\/a>. <\/strong><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Una vez que el sistema inmunitario de un animal reconoce un virus en el organismo, inicia una respuesta inflamatoria para eliminarlo. Aprenda c\u00f3mo funciona el sistema inmunitario para proteger a los animales de las infecciones v\u00edricas.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":57206,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_eb_attr":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","_ecp_custom_2":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2682],"tags":[2683,2684,2685],"species":[938,1271,940,942,943],"class_list":["post-57205","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-animal-performance","tag-health","tag-immunity"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How the Immune System Protects Animals from Viruses &#8211; Zinpro\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Blog posts from Zinpro\u00ae about How the Immune System Protects Animals from Viruses . 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