{"id":57077,"date":"2020-01-23T01:00:26","date_gmt":"2020-01-23T01:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/trace-mineral-research-shows-value-of-zinc-amino-acid-complex-for-atlantic-salmon\/"},"modified":"2023-07-19T13:10:07","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T18:10:07","slug":"trace-mineral-research-shows-value-of-zinc-amino-acid-complex-for-atlantic-salmon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/en_na\/resource-center\/blog\/trace-mineral-research-shows-value-of-zinc-amino-acid-complex-for-atlantic-salmon\/","title":{"rendered":"Trace Mineral Research Shows Value of Zinc Amino Acid Complex for Atlantic Salmon"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Sea lice infection in wild Atlantic salmon has\nbeen happening for centuries, and salmon farmers have managed them in\ncommercial production settings for many years. However, the need for increased\nproduction, changes in nutrition associated with poor physiological status and\nresistance to chemical treatments have made sea lice a major production\nchallenge for the salmon industry. Sea lice are estimated to cost the global\naquaculture industry about $1 billion USD per year. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sea lice are very aggressive, damaging\nectoparasites that feed on fish-skin mucus, blood and tissue, resulting in\nsevere skin lesions which make fish more vulnerable to infection and possible\nmortality. Various control measures have been tested while others are being\ninvestigated, in combination or alone, including breeding programs that\nincrease disease resistance, closed production systems, and biological\ntreatments such as farming salmonids together with cleaner fish. A vaccine\nagainst sea lice has been developed, but its efficacy is still to be confirmed\nunder commercial conditions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Given the global trend to eliminate antibiotic\nuse and other drugs that may result in pathogen resistance, development of\nfunctional feeds is gaining popularity. This strategy is a more natural,\nnutritious solution when combined with better production management to defeat\nsea lice challenges. Interestingly, trace minerals play key physiological roles\nin modulation of immune response and overall disease prevention. Among them,\nzinc is essential for growth and development of all animal species studied and\nmay be limiting in practical diets of Atlantic salmon. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zinc is known to exert bene\ufb01cial effects\nbeyond growth, namely in modulating immune response and resistance to disease\n(Gammoh and Rink, 2017). Zinc deficiency has long been associated with delayed\nwound healing and erosion of \ufb01ns and skin (Ogino and Yang 1979, Hughes 1985).\nImpaired skin integrity is common in farmed Atlantic salmon, especially during\nstressful conditions, namely during the smoltification and transfer to seawater\nperiods (Karlsen et al., 2018), which may increase susceptibility to infection,\nincluding sea lice. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To determine effective methods of reducing\nthis susceptibility, Zinpro conducted a research study to evaluate the impact\nof supplemental zinc sources and levels on growth performance and resistance to\nsea lice in Atlantic salmon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-about-the-study\">About the Study<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The trace mineral research study was conducted\nat the Chile Quillaipe Aquaculture Center, Fundaci\u00f3n Chile, Puerto Montt,\nChile. Atlantic salmon of approximately 106 g (nearly 4 oz) were distributed\ninto tanks (45 fish per tank) and fed for 60 days on a diet (See Table 1)\nproduced from a basal diet containing 20% fish meal and supplemented with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Group 1:<\/strong> 120 ppm zinc from inorganic zinc as zinc sulfate<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Group 2:<\/strong> a combination of 60 ppm of zinc sulfate and 60 ppm of zinc from <a href=\"\/en_na\/products\/availa-mins\/availa-zn\/\">Availa<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> Zn<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Group 3:<\/strong> 60 ppm of Availa-Zn alone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Dec_18_chart6-768x499-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15087\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of the 60-day feeding period, a\nstrain of <em>Caligus rogercresseyi<\/em>\n(Chile\u2019s most problematic sea louse species) was used to topically infest tanks\nseparately. Skin score was evaluated at the end of the 20-day challenge period,\nwhen <em>Caligus<\/em> reached adult stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-results-did-we-see\">What Results Did We See?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At the end of the 60-day feeding period, final\nweight, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) differed\nbetween treatments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Availa-Zn supplemented at 60 ppm resulted in numerically higher final body weight and SGR when compared to full rate inorganic zinc (ZnSO<sub>4<\/sub>, 120 ppm). <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Dec_18_chart3-768x499-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15090\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, final body weight was significantly higher with 60 ppm of Availa-Zn than its 50:50 combination with zinc sulfate. FCR was significantly improved when zinc sulfate was replaced with a 50:50 combination of zinc sulfate and Availa-Zn (60 ppm zinc sulfate and 60 ppm Availa-Zn). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Dec_18_chart2-768x499-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15094\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>60 ppm of Availa-Zn resulted in a similar FCR as seen in diets supplemented with 120 ppm of zinc sulfate. Performance results indicate a better bioavailability of Availa-Zn compared to zinc sulfate.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Availa-Zn supplemented at 60 ppm was significantly more efficient in reducing the number of adult stage sea lice when compared to zinc sulfate. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Dec_18_chart-768x499-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15097\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A skin damage score evaluation indicated fish fed 60 ppm of Availa-Zn had a more desirable level of skin integrity than fish fed either diet containing zinc sulfate, although the difference was not significant (<em>P<\/em> &gt; 0.05).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Dec_18_chart5-768x499-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15100\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.zinpro.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Dec_18_chart4-768x499-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-15103\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Results support the role zinc plays in wound\nhealing in fish (Jensen et al., 2015; Gerd et al., 2018; Ogino and Yang 1979;\nHughes 1985).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our trace mineral research study indicates\nthat supplementation with zinc amino acid complex from Availa-Zn is more\nefficient than inorganic zinc forms in improving salmon growth performance and\nincreasing its resistance to sea lice, which may help producers reduce the\ncosts associated with sea lice treatment. Further studies are needed to\ninvestigate the exact mechanisms played by zinc amino acid complex alone or in\ncombination with other potentially limiting trace minerals in modulating immune\nresponse and resistance to disease of salmonids in practical salmon diets. In\naddition, dietary trace mineral recommendations for salmon may need revision,\nas the total level and availability of essential trace minerals are becoming\nseverely limited through progressive replacement of fish meal with plant\nproteins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can click here&nbsp;to read the full research study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Gammoh, N.Z. &amp; L. Rink. 2017. Zinc in Infection and In\ufb02ammation. Nutrients 2017, 9, 624.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gerd, M.B., E., Sundh, H., \u00d8stbye, T.-K., Sveen, L., Sundell, K., A. &amp; B.      Ruyter 2018. Omega-3 fatty acids and zinc affect robustness and function of barrier tissues in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Book of Abstracts Aqua2018, August 25\u201329, 2018, Montpellier, France.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hughes, S.G. 1985. Nutritional eye diseases in salmonids: a review. Prog. Fish Cult., 47:81\u201385<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Jensen, L.B., Wahli, T., McGurk, C., Eriksen, T.B., A. Obach, Waagb\u00f8, R., Handler, A., &amp; C. Tafalla. 2015. Effect of temperature and diet on wound healing in Atlantic salmon (Salmo <em>salar<\/em> L.). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 41:1527\u20131543.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Karlsen, C., Ytteborg, E., Timmerhaus, G., H\u00f8st, V., Handeland, S., J\u00f8rgensen, S.M. &amp; A. Krasnov. 2018. Atlantic salmon skin barrier functions gradually enhance after seawater Figure 3. Average <em>Caligus<\/em> abundance in salmon fed diets varying in zinc source and level for 60 days and challenged with <em>Caligus<\/em> for 20 days. <\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zinc amino acid complex has been shown to improve growth and sea lice resistance in Atlantic salmon, without using antibiotics or other drugs. Learn more in this blog post.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":53,"featured_media":57084,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_tec_requires_first_save":true,"_eb_attr":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_EventAllDay":false,"_EventTimezone":"","_EventStartDate":"","_EventEndDate":"","_EventStartDateUTC":"","_EventEndDateUTC":"","_EventShowMap":false,"_EventShowMapLink":false,"_EventURL":"","_EventCost":"","_EventCostDescription":"","_EventCurrencySymbol":"","_EventCurrencyCode":"","_EventCurrencyPosition":"","_EventDateTimeSeparator":"","_EventTimeRangeSeparator":"","_EventOrganizerID":[],"_EventVenueID":[],"_OrganizerEmail":"","_OrganizerPhone":"","_OrganizerWebsite":"","_VenueAddress":"","_VenueCity":"","_VenueCountry":"","_VenueProvince":"","_VenueState":"","_VenueZip":"","_VenuePhone":"","_VenueURL":"","_VenueStateProvince":"","_VenueLat":"","_VenueLng":"","_VenueShowMap":false,"_VenueShowMapLink":false,"_tribe_blocks_recurrence_rules":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_description":"","_tribe_blocks_recurrence_exclusions":"","_ecp_custom_2":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2682],"tags":[2702,2685,2694,2697],"species":[987],"class_list":["post-57077","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-antibiotic-free-production","tag-immunity","tag-mortality","tag-skin-coat"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Trace Mineral Research Shows Value of Zinc Amino Acid Complex for Atlantic Salmon &#8211; Zinpro\u00ae<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"posts from Zinpro\u00ae about Trace Mineral Research Shows Value of Zinc Amino Acid Complex for Atlantic Salmon . 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