Function

• Protein synthesis
  • Muscle and milk
• Cell repair and division
  • Hoof wall
• Vitamin A utilization
• Epithelial tissue integrity
  • Skin, hair and hooves
• Immune System
  • Vaccination response
• Reproduction

Deficiency

• Abnormal skin and hooves
• Bone and joint problems
• Poor wound healing
• Fertility problems

Toxicity

• Low risk
• High zinc intake can interfere with copper absorption

Function

• Collagen synthesis and maintenance
  • Bone, ligaments and tendons
• Enzyme function
  • Hoof wall
• Red blood cell maturation
• Iron metabolism
• Reproduction
• Immune response

Deficiency

• Bone and joint disease
• Tendon and ligament problems
• Poor coat color
• Early embryonic losses

Toxicity

• Low to moderate risk
• High copper intake can interfere with copper absorption

Function

• Bone and Cartilage Synthesis
  • Fetal development
• Enzyme Systems
  • Joint function
• Reproduction
  • Hormone synthesis
• Immune Response
  • Antioxidant activity

Deficiency

• Abnormal bones and joint development
• Impaired ability to make or repair joint cartilage
• Abnormalities in skin, hair and hooves
• Reproduction challenges

Toxicity

• No reported toxicity in horses

Function

• Component of Glutathione Peroxidase
  • Antioxidant activity to protect cells
  • Works synergistically with Vitamin E
• Thyroid hormone metabolism
  • Energy metabolism
• Immune response

Deficiency

• Muscular cramping
• Poor stress tolerance
• Impaired immunity
• Subpar performance

Toxicity

• Lameness, cracking and sloughing of hooves
• Loss of tail and mane hair
• Moderate to high risk

Function

• Required for synthesis of Vitamin B12 by bacteria in the gut
• Fiber fermentation by bacteria

Deficiency

• Low Vitamin B12 levels
• Poor Growth
• Low body condition

Toxicity

• No reported toxicity in horses

Function

• Thyroid hormone synthesis
  • Regulate energy metabolism rate
• Thermoregulation

Deficiency

• Most commonly recognized in foals
• Enlarged thyroid gland; goiter
• Hair loss and dry scaly skin

Toxicity

• Mares in late gestation and lactation less tolerant of excessive iodine

Function

• Oxygen transport in hemoglobin

Deficiency

• Rarely occurs in foals or mature horses
• Anemia is the final stage of iron deficiency
• Can be caused by blood loss

Toxicity

• Moderate to high risk
• Risk increases with over supplementation